GOVERNANCE THOUGHT AND PHILOSOPHY IN FAR EASTERN CIVILIZATIONS

Abstract

This study examines how philosophical traditions that emerged in Far Eastern civilizations have shaped management thought. Focusing on Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, and Buddhism, the paper discusses the relationship between these intellectual systems and core principles of governance and leadership, and it also addresses Far East-West comparisons within a conceptual framework. From an Eastern philosophical perspective, management is framed as a culturally embedded social practice, a domain in which leadership legitimacy is grounded not only in authority but also in moral acceptance, and a governance logic that prioritizes harmony and balance rather than conflict. Accordingly, the study argues that Confucianism emphasizes virtue-based leadership, role alignment, and trust; Taoism highlights alignment with the natural flow and a low-intervention leadership approach that enables the system to self-regulate; Legalism promotes order through clear rules, discipline, and sanctions, strengthening predictability by anchoring power in institutional positions rather than individuals; and Buddhism associates leadership with compassion, wisdom, and service, linking the use of power to societal benefit. The study further suggests that shared characteristics such as collectivism, long-term orientation, relationship-focused governance, and indirect communication styles designed to prevent “loss of face” provide a reflective basis for understanding how harmony and continuity can be maintained in modern organizations. Overall, the paper concludes that Far Eastern philosophies treat management not merely as a technical set of practices but as a value-based and relational process, offering contemporary managers insights into ethical leadership and cultural awareness.